Pembelajaran Berbasis ICT, Tantangan yang Harus Dijawab oleh Guru di NTB !

Dunia Pendidikan di NTB kini telah mengalami kemajuan yang progresif. Berbagai pengetahuan baru  datang menambah kemudahan   di dunia Pendidikan khsusnya bagi Pendidik dalam mengelolah pekerjaannya . Sebagai Pendidik pengelolahan pekerjaan yang dimaksud disini yaitu dalam makna  luas yang berarti mengajarkan materi pembelajaran dengan metode – metode yang berbasis pada bidang keilmuan tertentu.  Berbicara masalah pengelohan pekerjaan tentunya kita tidak lepas dari kemajuan teknologi yang telah merambat di berbagai aspek kehidupan dan kini bahkan menjadi kebutuhan pokok Manusia.  Salah satu bukti nyata dari kemajuan teknologi dalam dunia Pendidikan yang kini menjamah dunia pendidikan kita di NTB yaitu ICT ( Information comunication technology ). ICT kini telah menjadi model pembelajaran baru yang menjanjikan bagi guru dalam menciptakan sumber daya Manusia yang unggul di daerah kita NTB.

Pembelajaran Berbasis ICT merupakan pembelajaran yang berbasis pada penggunaan teknologi komputer sebagai media untuk menciptakan interaksi dan membangun motivasi siswa dalam belajar. Media yang dimaksudkan disini dapat berupa animasi offline yang ditampilkan melalui LCD ataupun media online yang berbasis website. Hal ini tentunya menjadi sebuah tantangan yang harus dijawab lugas oleh guru di daerah kita NTB. Pembelajaran berbasis ICT tidak hanya menuntut guru dalam menggunakan ICT akan tetapi tuntutan terbesar dibalik itu yaitu bagaimana guru menciptakan sebuah model belajar dengan kreatifitas dan inovasi mereka sendiri. Berbagai Seminar maupun workshop mengenai pembelajaran ICT telah banyak dilaksanakan. Salah satu workshop yang mengangkat tema pembelajaran ICT baru – baru ini dilaksankan oleh Tim Lesson Study FKIP Universitas Mataram pada tanggal 27 – 28 Februari dengan judul Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis ICT.  Seminar ini diikuti oleh para dosen maupun guru di wilayah NTB.  Workshop ini diadakan dengan harapan bahwa nantinya guru – guru di NTB dapat memanfaatkan media pembelajaran berbasis ICT sebagai media pembelajaran yang efektif bagi perkembangan hasil belajar siswa.

 Tentunya untuk mencapai kemampuan seperti yang diharapkan diatas haruslah ada pelatihan yang secara kontinyue,  tidak cukup hanya dengan sehari ataupun dua hari saja mengingat materi untuk memahami pembelajaran berbasis ICT sangatlah kompleks. Dengan adanya workshop yang dilakukan oleh Unram diharapkan dari Instansi pendidikan lainnya dapat melaksanakan hal serupa sehingga akan memberikan ruang lebih luas bagi guru untuk meningkatkan profesionalitasnya dalam mengajar. Hal yang tidak kalah pentingnya yaitu harus ada   niat dari guru untuk belajar memahami dan menggunakan program – program komputer yang mendukung pembelajaran berbasis ICT. Guru harus menjawab dengan lugas dan sungguh – sungguh untuk menekuni ICT sebagai salah satu media Pembelajaran yang efektif. Misalnya ketika mengikuti workshop maupun seminar niat dari guru tidak hanya mendapatkan sebuah sertifikat saja akan tetapi lebih dari itu guru harus memahami ilmu yang menjadi materi dalam workshop maupun seminar yang diadakan. Jika semua hal itu telah dilakukan tentunya akan menambah keativitas guru dalam mengajar dan hal ini akan meningkatkan minat siswa untuk belajar dengan adanya kombinasi gaya belajar yang menarik yang diseduhkan oleh para guru kita di NTB. Hal ini, secara tidak langsung nantinya akan memompa kualitas Outcome Pendidikan NTB.

The differences Class in Echinodermate Pyhlum,Other Differences Order from Cnidaria, Meaning of Decadency

	Asteroidea	Ophiuroidea	Echinodea	Holothuroidea	Crinoidea
Body shape	Like star with five arm and spiked	Like cakral ball with five eliptic arms	Like globular spiked and without hands	Eliptic, oval or like adult worm	Have different mouth with other species.5 or 10 arm withmany branches
Ambulakral system	·         Madreporit ·         Stones channel ·         Bracelet channel ·         Tiedemannbodies ·         Four poly bubble ·         Five radial channel ·         Transversal Channel ·         Ampulla ·         Feet tube with sucker	Same with Astroidea	·         Madreporit ·         Stones channel ·         Bracelet channel ·         5 Radial channel	Same with echinodea but in bracelet channel have poly vesicula	·         Cillia Ambulakral ·         Dont have madreporit and Ampulla
Digestive system	·         Mouth ·         Short esofagus ·         Kardia Gastric ·         Pilorik gastric ·         Anus	·         Mouth With five jaw ·         Gastric ·         No sekum or anus	·         Mouth ·         Aristotle lantern ·         Esofagus ·         Gastric ·         Intestine ·         Anus	·         Mouth ·         Esofagus ·         Gastric ·         Intestine ·         Kloaka ·         Anus	·         Mouth ·         Eshofagus ·         Rectum ·         anus
Nerves System	·         Ektoruneral ·         Hyponeural ·         Aboral	·         Ring nerves which runs around the central disk ·         . At the base of each arm, the ring attaches to a radial nerve which runs to the end of the limb	·         The Nerve around the mouth ·         Five radial Nerve ·         Subepidermal pleksus	·         Ring nerves ·         Part of oral have 5 Radial Nerves	·         Ring nerves ·         Radial nerves
Reproduction system	·         Seperate reproductive organ ·         Eksternal fertilization ·         Larva is bipinaria	·         Seperate reproductive organ ·         Eksternal Fertilization ·         Larva is Pluteus	·         Seperate reproductive organ ·         Larva is Pluteus ·         Gonad in Aboral surface	·         Seperate reproductive organ ·         Some species hemoproditt ·         Larva is Auricularia	·         Seperate reproductive organ ·         Gonad usually in piannulla ·         Larva is Dolioria
Species Examples	·         Plasnatar speic ·         Taeniactis	·         Ophiotorix ·         Gorghonocepalus	·         Arbacia ·         Strogylocentrrotus	·         Holothuria ·         Stichopus	·         Isocrinus ·         Asterias

 

b. Description

Echinodermate have five class. They are Asteroidea,  ophiurudea, Echinodea, Holoctuinedea, Crinoidea.  There are several differentsis class of Echinodermate filum. We have some indicator to discriminate their class.

For the first we look from body shape.First class is Asteoidea has body shape like star with five five arms. The body spiked with compound with calcium ( Osikel ). At the basic of Around the thorn have thorn that changed, called Pediselaria. Pediselaria have functions, they are , Protective skin gills,  cacth food, and prevent residual organism in order to accumulate in part of its body. Second class is Ophiuroidea have body shape like cakral ball with five elipstic arm. Every arm have same segments. In Every segment have two lines where Osikula attached. The third class is Echinodea have body shape like globular, Have five same parts of body without hand and spiked. The thorn attached in muscle(tuberkel), The fourth class is Holothuroidea like adult worm, eliptic with many kind of color. It not has arm, pediselaria and thorn. Five class is Crinoidea body shape like plant. Have different mouth with other species.  It have 5 or 10 arms with branches.

If we look from Ambulakral system. Some class have different Ambulakral system. Ambulakral system Of Asteroidea have eight part. They are, Madreporit ( The ingress of water ), Stones channel, Bracelet channel( ring channel), Tiedeman Body, (Has function to place for make amuboid cell.The amuboid cell have function to respiration, sirkulation, ekretion, Four poly bubble Five radial channel Transversal Channel Ampulla and Feet tube with sucker. Ophiuroidea have some Ambulakrar system with Asteroidea. Third class is Echinoidea have system ambulakrar with four parts. They are madreporit ( The place in periproct), Channel stone( Surrounded by Aksial mucus ), Ring channel ( Around the esofagus ), and Five radial channel. In Holothuroidea class system ambukalar same with Echinoidea but in channel ring have some poly vesicula ( pouch that hangs into the body cavity ). Crinoidea class do not have madreporit and ampulla in ambulakrar system. It has cillia Ambulakrar .

For digestive system. First class Asteroidea have digestive system like mouth, short esofagus, kardiac gastric, piloric gastric and anus. Ophiuroidea class have digestive system like mouth with five jaw, gastric, no sekum or anus. Third class is Echinoidea have Mouth, Aristotle lantern, Esofagus, Gastric, Intestine and  Anus. Holothuroidea have mouth, esofagus, gastric, intestine, kloaka and anus.And the last class crinoidea have mouth, eshofagus, rectum and anus.

In nerves system class in filum Echinodermata have some differentsis. Asteroidea have  three parts of nerves system there are, In the mouth ( Ecktoneural), Inner of body (hyponeural )and in part of selom ( aboral ). The nervous system In ophiuroidae  consists of a main nerve ring which runs around the central disk. At the base of each arm, the ring attaches to a radial nerve which runs to the end of the limb. The nerves in each limb run through a canal at the base of the vertebral ossicles.  The third class is Echinoidea have three part of nerves there are the nerve around the mouth, five radial nerve and subepidermal pleksus. Holutroidea class have Nerve ring in part of ora lwith  have 5 Radial Nerves. And the last class Crinoidea have two part there are ring nerves and radial nerves.

2. The differences between order Simaeostomae ( Aurelia aurita ) and Rhizostomae (Phylorita punctata )

Indicators/Order	Simaeostomae ( Aurelia aurita )	Rhizostomae (Phylorita punctata )
Tentacle	Have 8 tentacle -          Four tentacle in perradial -          Four tentacle in Interradial	Do not have tentacle
Mouth	Mouth shape like square and have four ostium arms.	Mouth closed by ostium arm
Umbrella	Umbrella shape like plate or discus. Umbrella have tentacle in its side.	Umbrella dont have tentacle.
Polyp Reproduce	Forming Planula Bud and polyp bud	Only Planula buds.
Strobilation’s phase	Produce many ephyraes	Produce just one one ephyra
Simbiosis	Does not simbiosis withzooxhantela	Simbiosis with zooxhantela

3.  Descriptin about Digestive system and Moving system of Starfish and Sea urchin

           There are some differences from starfish and sea urchin we look from digestive system and Moving system. Firstly we look from digestive system for Starfish. Digestive system for starfish begin from mouth that related with very short eshofagus, then continue with pocket for function as gastric. Gastic are two part, Face side ( Kardiak ) have large size than back side ( pilorus ), In digestive system, gastric secrete mucosa. From pilorus show channel to every arm. The arm branches become two part called caeca hepatis (Green color ) or we called pilorus sokus. At Pilorus Sokus starfish do secrete enzim for digest its prey.there is Intestin In over up gastric  like short channel that open in anus are. Food digest with mucosa and enzim, whereas food is not digest will be secrete from mouth. In solution contain food subtances that circulated by silia to all part of body.

Digestive system for sea Urchin Consist long channel and circular in shell. Digestive sytem begin from mouth at oral area that have sifon channel and cilliated. With large mouth that surrounded by five skeleton in shell. Channel sifon related eshofagus and intestin. The next of digestive system is gastric with pockets and ended in rectum. Anus in aboral surface, it in center of body between limestone slabs that consist 2,4 until five genital holes. Some echinodea has mouth and anus in side of its body, but any mouth in center.

For moving system some with Digestive system there are any different system between starfish and Sea urchin. In starfish water entry trhough dorsal plate with smal holes ( Madreporit ) to stone vessels.  Then continued to ring channel with five branches or we called radial channel and next to lateral channel. In every branch have feet tube and paired with like muscle buble or called Ampula. From Lateral small, water entry to ampula. It’s channel end in ampulka. When Ampulla contraction, so water will be oppressed and entry in feet tube. Consequely feet tube lengthwise. If it’s animal move to right side, so feet tube in the right side will hold object underneath and other feet will be free. And then ampula expand again and water will be move opposite with entry dirrection. Feet tube that hold the object will drag this animal to its direction..

            Sea urchin move using jointed spines with muscle and ambulakral muscle, so it spine can be move. There are five lines of ambulakral foot that seperated by ambulakral coe without foot. Five pairs of small amburakal is homolog with five starfish arms and porous in place that have madreporit. Sea urchin have slim, long and sticking feet tube between its spines. Spine and feet its feet tube use to moving creep in seabed.

4. Meaning of Decadency and Examples

Decadency is some meaning with slump. Decadency usually related with moral. Many people have wrote article with title “ Moral decadency “. Moral decadency can be happened in student. In generally meaning Decadency is reduction of morality standard people or community to value that has prevailed.

Examples of decadency  are

·         Fifty years ago Teacher always give greeting and kissed their teacher hands but nowdays student dont do it things again.

·         Nowdays, NARKOBA not just use by Adult but student like junior high school or Senior High school used it

Bibliografi

Anonim.2011. Echinodermata. Jakarta ( Diunduh di http:// wkipedia. com. 22^{th ­­}of december 2011 8. Pm)

Jasin, M.. 1992. Zoologi invertebrata. Surabaya : Sinar Wijaya.

Rusyana, A.. 2011. Zoologi Invertebrata. Bandung : Alfabeta.